This home must be submitted online, much like a lab.
A track-and-field coach is interested in assessing whether or not a training program is effective. He first records the finishing times for seven 400 meter sprinters in seconds. Much later, after the training program is completed, he records the finishing times of the same seven athletes again. Use the sign test with a significance level of 0.05 to assess whether or not the training regime is effective. That is, test
\[ H_0\colon \ m_D = m_A - m_B = 0 \quad \text{vs} \quad H_A\colon \ m_D = m_A - m_B \neq 0 \]
where
Since it is possible that the training regime makes the runners worse, use a two-sided test.
| Pre-Training Finishing Time | Post-Training Finishing Time |
|---|---|
| 62 | 55 |
| 72 | 59 |
| 50 | 48 |
| 60 | 58 |
| 62 | 63 |
| 61 | 59 |
| 57 | 50 |
For this homework you may use R however you wish. On an exam, you would be given the following code and output:
round(dbinom(x = 0:7, size = 7, prob = 0.5), 3)## [1] 0.008 0.055 0.164 0.273 0.273 0.164 0.055 0.008Report:
# use this chunk to complete any necessary calculations in RSuppose that a sleep researcher is interested in the effect of exogenous melatonin on total sleep time. The researcher records the amount of sleep that ten individuals obtain on a particular night. A week later, he repeats the recordings on the same ten individuals, this time after administering 10 mg of melatonin one hour before bedtime. The data gathered is:
| Sleep, Minutes, Without Melatonin | Sleep, Minutes, With Melatonin |
|---|---|
| 440 | 433 |
| 414 | 444 |
| 476 | 458 |
| 439 | 432 |
| 391 | 417 |
| 413 | 521 |
| 461 | 421 |
| 455 | 469 |
| 429 | 502 |
| 455 | 505 |
Use the sign test with a significance level of 0.05 to assess whether or not melatonin is effective. That is, test
\[ H_0\colon \ m_D = m_M - m_N = 0 \quad \text{vs} \quad H_A\colon \ m_D = m_M - m_N \neq 0 \]
where
Since it is possible that the melatonin makes sleep worse, use a two-sided test.
For this homework you may use R however you wish. On an exam, you would be given the following code and output:
round(dbinom(x = 0:10, size = 10, prob = 0.5), 3)## [1] 0.001 0.010 0.044 0.117 0.205 0.246 0.205 0.117 0.044 0.010 0.001Report:
# use this chunk to complete any necessary calculations in RReturn to the sleep data in Exercise 2. This time test
To do so, use a permutation test that permutes the statistic
\[ t = \frac{\bar{x}_D}{s_D / \sqrt{n}} \]
where \(\bar{x}_D\) is the sample mean difference, and \(s_D\) is the standard deviation of the differences. Assume that the distribution of sleep time with and without melatonin has the same shape, but may have different locations. Use at least 10000 permutations.
without = c(440, 414, 476, 439, 391, 413, 461, 455, 429, 455)
melatonin = c(433, 444, 458, 432, 417, 521, 421, 469, 502, 505)# use this chunk to complete any necessary permutation calculations
# also calculate statistic on observed data# use this chunk to create the histogram# use this chunk to calculate the p-value of the testStudents are always interested in the effect of a notes sheet for an exam. A professor teaching two sections (call them, Section A and Section B) of the same course decides to run a (not so nice) experiment. On the midterm exam, she allows Section A to use a notes sheet, however, for the same exam, Section B is not given the chance to use a notes sheet. The following is a sampling of scores from the two sections:
section_a = c(85, 78, 89, 92, 86)
section_b = c(75, 90, 79, 87, 81, 82, 83, 84, 80, 91)Use a permutation test that permutes the statistic
\[ t = \frac{(\bar{x} - \bar{y}) - 0}{s_p\sqrt{\frac{1}{n_1} + \frac{1}{n_2}}} \]
to test
Assume that the distribution of exam scores with and without notes has the same shape, but may have different locations. Use at least 10000 permutations.
# use this chunk to complete any necessary permutation calculations
# also calculate statistic on observed data# use this chunk to create the histogram# use this chunk to calculate the p-value of the testRepeat exercise 4, but use an appropriate test available in the R function wilcox.test().
Report:
# use this chunk to complete any necessary calculations in R