Goal: After completing this lab, you should be able to…
In this lab we will use, but not focus on…
R
Markdown. This document will serve as a template. It is pre-formatted and already contains chunks that you need to complete.Some additional notes:
R
Markdown file contain details on performing the required tasks through a number of examples.For this exercise we will use:
shape = 0.2
scale = 1.4
Consider using the sample mean, \(\bar{x}\), to estimate the mean, \(\mu = \text{E}[X] = \alpha\beta = 0.28\).
If \(n\) is “large” then the central limit theorem suggests that
\[ \bar{X} \stackrel{approx}{\sim} N\left(\alpha\beta, \frac{\alpha\beta^2}{n}\right) \]
which with some additional work we could then use to create confidence intervals. (We’d also need to estimate the variance.)
However, when is this approximation good?
Perform three simulation studies:
For each, simulate a sample of the specified size from a given gamma distribution 10000 times. For each simulation calculate and store the sample mean.
For each study create a histogram of the simulated sample means. (These will serve as an estimate of the sampling distribution of \(\bar{X}\).) For each, overlay the distribution if the CLT approximation was appropriate:
\[ N\left(\alpha\beta, \frac{\alpha\beta^2}{n}\right) \]
The chunks below outline this procedure.
Hint: Done correctly, you should find that the approximation is bad for \(n = 5\), reasonable for \(n = 100\) and you may be uncertain about \(n = 25\).
set.seed(42)
n = 5
sample_means_n_5 = rep(0, 10000)
# perform simulations for n = 5 here
set.seed(42)
n = 25
sample_means_n_25 = rep(0, 10000)
# perform simulations for n = 25 here
set.seed(42)
n = 100
sample_means_n_100 = rep(0, 10000)
# perform simulations for n = 100 here
par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
# create histogram for n = 5 here
# add curve for normal density assuming CLT applies
# create histogram for n = 25 here
# add curve for normal density assuming CLT applies
# create histogram for n = 100 here
# add curve for normal density assuming CLT applies
Twitter has become an increasingly important part of the American political discourse. The 2016 Presidential election was unique in that all major contenders were somewhat prolific tweeters. The eventual winner, Donald Trump, was undoubtedly the most prolific of them all, and continues to be an active twitter user now that we over two years into his presidency.
This use of Twitter sparked an interesting analysis by David Robinson who is currently the Chief Data Scientist at DataCamp and former Data Scientist at StackOverflow. His analysis, “Text analysis of Trump’s tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half”, became very popular leading up to the election.
Let’s take a look at this data. To do so, we’ll need a couple packages:
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
Then to load the data in a data frame named trump_tweets_df
, we use:
load(url("http://varianceexplained.org/files/trump_tweets_df.rda"))
We then create a new data frame named tweets
based on the raw data:
tweets = trump_tweets_df %>%
select(id, statusSource, text, created) %>%
extract(statusSource, "source", "Twitter for (.*?)<") %>%
filter(source %in% c("iPhone", "Android"))
tweets
## # A tibble: 1,390 x 4
## id source text created
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <dttm>
## 1 7626698825… Andro… My economic policy speech will … 2016-08-08 15:20:44
## 2 7626415954… iPhone Join me in Fayetteville, North … 2016-08-08 13:28:20
## 3 7624396589… iPhone "#ICYMI: \"Will Media Apologize… 2016-08-08 00:05:54
## 4 7624253718… Andro… Michael Morell, the lightweight… 2016-08-07 23:09:08
## 5 7624008698… Andro… "The media is going crazy. They… 2016-08-07 21:31:46
## 6 7622845333… Andro… I see where Mayor Stephanie Raw… 2016-08-07 13:49:29
## 7 7621109187… iPhone Thank you Windham, New Hampshir… 2016-08-07 02:19:37
## 8 7621069044… iPhone ".@Larry_Kudlow - 'Donald Trump… 2016-08-07 02:03:39
## 9 7621044117… Andro… I am not just running against C… 2016-08-07 01:53:45
## 10 7620164261… iPhone "#CrookedHillary is not fit to … 2016-08-06 20:04:08
## # ... with 1,380 more rows
This dataset is a collection of 1390 tweets from Twitter user @realDonaldTrump
. For this exercise we will be interested in the text
variable which contains the text of each tweet.
For example:
tweets[2, "text"]
## # A tibble: 1 x 1
## text
## <chr>
## 1 Join me in Fayetteville, North Carolina tomorrow evening at 6pm. Tickets…
More specifically, we’ll be interested in the lengths of these tweets:
tweet_lengths = nchar(tweets$text)
head(tweet_lengths)
## [1] 67 114 64 134 135 138
hist(tweet_lengths, col = "darkgrey",
main = "@realdonaldtrump Tweets",
xlab = "Number of Characters")
box()
grid()